Abstract
Flushing disorders with involvement of the gastrointestinal tract represent a heterogeneous group of conditions. In part 1 discussed were neuroendocrine tumors (NET), mast cell activation disorders (MCAD), and hyperbasophilia. In this section are covered the remaining flushing disorders which primarily or secondarily involves the gastrointestinal tract. This includes dumping syndrome, mesenteric traction syndrome, rosacea, hyperthyroidism and thyroid storm, anaphylaxis, panic disorders, paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, and food, alcohol and medications. With the exception of paroxysmal pain disorders, panic disorders and some medication these disorders presents with dry flushing. A detailed and comprehensive family, social, medical and surgical history and recognizing the presence of other systemic symptoms are important in distinguishing the different disease that cause flushing with gastrointestinal symptoms.
- Received July 31, 2017.
- Revision received November 30, 2017.
- Accepted December 21, 2017.
